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?Carl Rogers by By Saul McLeod published 2007. updated 2014 Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow. but included that for a person to \"grow\", they will want an environment that gives you them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not create as they should, a lot like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water. Rogers believed that every person can generate their goals, wishes and desires in life. When, or rather if they did so, self actualization took site. This was one particular of Carl Rogers most important contributions to psychology and for a person to succeed in their potential a variety of factors must be satisfied. Self Actualization \" The organism has 1 common tendency and striving - to actualize, preserve, and enhance the experiencing organism ” (Rogers, 1951, p. 487). Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of equally psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do given that for the way we perceive our situation. \"As no just one else can know how we perceive, we are the most suitable experts on ourselves.\" Carl Rogers (1959) believed that humans have just one standard motive, which is the tendency to self-actualize - i.e. to fulfill one\'s potential and attain the highest degree of \'human-beingness\' we can. Like a flower that will grow to its complete potential if the conditions are right, but which is constrained by its environment, so people will flourish and achieve their potential if their environment is suitable enough. However, unlike a flower, the potential on the individual human is unique, and we are meant to establish in different ways according to our personality. Rogers believed that people are inherently fantastic and creative. They become destructive only when a poor self-concept or external constraints override the valuing procedure. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to accomplish self-actualization they must be in the state of congruence. This signifies that self-actualization occurs when a person’s “ideal self ” (i.e. who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image ). Rogers describes an individual who is actualizing as a fully functioning person. The main determinant of whether we will become self-actualized is childhood know-how. The Fully Functioning Person Rogers believed that every person could obtain their goals, wishes, and desires in life. When they did so self-actualization took site. For Rogers (1961) people who are able be self-actualize, which is simply not all of us, are called fully functioning persons. This means that that the person is in touch with the right here and now, his or her subjective experiences and feelings, continually growing and changing. In a wide range of ways Rogers regarded the fully functioning person as an ideal and a particular that people do not ultimately acquire. It is wrong to think of this as an finish or completion of life’s journey; rather it is mostly a plan of always becoming and changing. Rogers identified 5 characteristics belonging to the fully functioning person: 1. Open to practical experience . equally positive and negative emotions accepted. Negative feelings are not denied, but worked through (rather than resorting to ego defence mechanisms). two. Existential living . in touch with different experiences as they occur in life, avoiding prejudging and preconceptions. Being able to live and fully appreciate the current, not always wanting again to the past or forward to the longer term (i.e. living to the moment). 3. Trust feelings . feeling, instincts and gut-reactions are paid attention to and trusted. People’s private decisions are the right ones and we should trust ourselves to make the right choices. four. Creativity . creative thinking and risk taking are options of the person’s life. A person does not enjoy safe all the time. This involves the ability to adjust and change and seek new experiences. 5. Fulfilled life . person is happy and satisfied with life, and always shopping for new challenges and experiences. For Rogers, fully functioning people are clearly adjusted, perfectly balanced and interesting to know. Often these types of people are huge achievers in society. Critics claim that the fully functioning person serves as a product of Western culture. In other cultures, these as Eastern cultures, the achievement on the group is valued much more highly than the achievement of any a person person. Personality Growth Central to Rogers\' personality theory is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as \"the organized, consistent list of perceptions and beliefs about oneself\". The self is the humanistic term for who we really are as a person. The self is our inner personality, and will be likened to the soul, or Freud\'s psyche. The self is influenced by the experiences a person has in their life, and out interpretations of those experiences. Two primary resources that influence our self-concept are childhood experiences and evaluation by others. According to Rogers (1959), we plan to think, practical knowledge and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each and every other, the far more consistent or congruent we are plus the higher our perception of self-worth. A person is claimed to be in a very state of incongruence if a number of the totality of their expertise is unacceptable to them and is denied or distorted from the self-image. The humanistic process states that the self is composed of concepts unique to ourselves. The self-concept comprises of three elements: Self worth (or self-esteem ) - what we think about ourselves. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and have been formed from the interaction with the child with the mother and father. Self-image - How we see ourselves, which is important to smart psychological health. Self-image comprises of the influence of our body image on inner personality. In a easy stage, we would possibly perceive ourselves as a advantageous or bad person, beautiful or ugly. Self-image has an effect on how a person thinks, feels and behaves within the world. Ideal self - This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic - i.e. forever changing. The ideal self in childhood is simply not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties etc. Self Worth and Positive Regard Carl Rogers (1951) seen the child as having two fundamental needs: positive regard from other people and self-worth. How we think about ourselves, our feelings of self-worth are of fundamental importance equally to psychological health and to the likelihood that we can acquire goals and ambitions in life and get self-actualization. Self-worth may be seen as a continuum from very higher to very very low. For Carl Rogers (1959) a person who has higher self-worth, that could be, has confidence and positive feelings about him or herself, faces challenges in life, accepts failure and unhappiness at times, and is open with people. A person with small self-worth may avoid challenges in life, not accept that life might be painful and unhappy at times, and will be defensive and guarded with other people. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and had been formed from the interaction of your child with the mother and father. As a child grows more mature, interactions with significant others will affect feelings of self-worth. Rogers believed that we really want to be regarded positively by others; we have to think valued, respected, treated with affection and loved. Positive regard is to do with how other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction. Rogers made a distinction around unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard. Unconditional positive regard is where parents, significant others (and also the humanist therapist) accepts and loves the person for what he or she is. Positive regard is not really withdrawn if the person does something wrong or makes a mistake. The consequences of unconditional positive regard are that the person feels completely free to try things out and make mistakes, even though this may lead to having it worse at times. People who are able to self-actualize are considerably more probable to have received unconditional positive regard from others, specifically their parents in childhood. Conditional positive regard is where positive regard, praise and approval, depend upon the child, for example, behaving in ways that the parents think correct. Hence the child isn\'t loved with the person he or she is, but on condition that he or she behaves only in ways approved by the parent(s). For the extreme, a person who constantly seeks approval from other people is most likely only to have seasoned conditional positive regard as a child. Congruence A person’s ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences for the person. Hence, a difference may exist involving a person’s ideal self and actual expertise. This is called incongruence. Where a person’s ideal self and actual go through are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. Rarely, if ever, does a total state of congruence exist; all people knowledge a certain amount of incongruence. The event of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to obtain self-actualization they must be inside a state of congruence. According to Rogers, we desire to truly feel, adventure and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each individual other, the a good deal more consistent or congruent we are in addition to the higher our perception of self-worth. A person is claimed to be within a state of incongruence if several of the totality of their working experience is unacceptable to them and is denied or distorted within the self-image. Incongruence is \"a discrepancy involving the actual practical experience of your organism and also self-picture belonging to the individual insofar as it represents that practical knowledge. As we prefer to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defense mechanisms like denial or repression in order to believe less threatened by a number of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. A person whose self-concept is incongruent with her or his real feelings and experiences will defend when you consider that the truth hurts. Carl Rogers Quotes \"When I take a look for the world I\'m pessimistic, but when I start looking at people I am optimistic.\" \"The very essence in the creative is its novelty, and hence we have no standard by which to judge it\" (Rogers, 1961, p. 351). \"I have gradually come to a particular negative summary about the beneficial life. It looks to me that the excellent life seriously isn\'t any fixed state. It just isn\'t, in my estimation, a state of virtue, or contentment, or nirvana, or happiness. It shouldn\'t be a condition in which the individual is adjusted or fulfilled or actualized. To apply psychological terms, it isn\'t a state of drive-reduction, or tension-reduction, or homeostasis\" (Rogers, 1967, p. 185-186). \"The ideal life really is a system, not a state of being. It is usually a direction not a destination\" (Rogers, 1967, p. 187). References Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its latest practice, implications and theory . London: Constable. Rogers, C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed inside the client-centered framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A study of the science. Vol. 3: Formulations within the person along with the social context . New York: McGraw Hill. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a person: A psychotherapists check out of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. R. Stevens, B. Gendlin, E. T. Shlien, J. M. & Van Dusen, W. (1967). Person to person: The problem of being human: A new trend in psychology. Lafayette, CA: Real People Push. How to cite this article: McLeod, S. A. (2014). Carl Rogers. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html

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